Morphological comparison of glandular and non-glandular trichomes between Artemisia stolonifera and A. argyi / 中国中药杂志

The basic features of glandular and non-glandular trichomes on leaves of Artemisia argyi( germplasms from Qichun,Ningbo,Tangyin,and Anguo,respectively) and related species A. stolonifera were observed by scanning electron microscopy( SEM)and compared. There were significant differences in trichome characteristics of leaves at all parts of A. argyi and A. stolonifera,which were closely related to the difference in chemical components. The length of non-glandular trichomes and size of glandular trichomes on middle leaves were the stablest. A. argyi and A. stolonifera can be distinguished by the density of glandular trichome. Additionally,the four germplasms of A. argyi can be discriminated via the density and curvature of non-glandular trichome. The density of non-glandular trichomes was the highest in A. stolonifera. For A. argyi,the germplasm from Qichun had the highest density of non-glandular trichomes on the abaxial surfaces of upper leaves and that from Ningbo had the largest non-glandular trichome curvature. With regard to the germplasm from Anguo,the T-shaped non-glandular trichomes of long stalks on the adaxial surfaces of the middle leaves were lodging-susceptible,and those with slender heads were wave-like. Statistics results of A. argyi and A. stolonifera are as follows: largest glandular trichomes on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces and highest glandular trichome density on the abaxial surfaces of the lower leaves in A. argyi germplasm from Ningbo,highest density of non-glandular trichomes on the abaxial surfaces of upper leaves in A. stolonifera,and highest density of glandular trichomes and non-glandular trichomes on the adaxial surfaces of the upper leaves in A. argyi germplasm from Qichun. According to the observation result under fluorescence microscope( FM),flavonoids were closely related to the size and density of non-glandular trichomes and size of glandular trichomes. The fluorescence intensity was the strongest and fluorescence area was the largest for flavonoids in A. argyi germplasms from Qichun and Tangyin,while the fluorescence for flavonoids was the weakest in A. stolonifera. It was the first time to observe and analyze the trichome ultrastructure of A. argyi leaves at different positions by SEM and FM. This study clarifies the differences between A. stolonifera and four famous A. argyi germplasms,which provides new evidence for the microscopic identification of A. argyi and its related species and serves as a reference for the study of the relationship of A. argyi structure with its components and functions.

Influence of environment on the leaf morpho-anatomy and histochemical of the ayahuasca leaf: Populations cultivated in extra-Amazonian regions

Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav (Rubiaceae) occurs naturally throughout the Amazon and it is traditionally used by indigenous communities, being incorporated into religious use in urban contexts over the last few decades. It is known and cultivated in many regions of South America for possessing valuable bioactive alkaloids. In this paper, we described P. viridis leaf morphology, anatomy and histochemistry from three populations cultivated in the southeastern Brazil, in order to identify possible adaptations to local environment and management. All plants presented terminal stipules and basic morpho-anatomical patterns of leaves, consistent with most species of the genus, as heterogeneous dorsiventral mesophyll, uniseriate epidermis, presents large cells with prominent vacuoles and druses. Unicellular non-glandular trichomes and multicellular starry trichomes were present in the primary and secondary veins. Amphi-hypostomatic leaf pattern, not yet described for the species, was common in all studied plants. Variation in the presence of domatia in the same population indicates that this structure cannot be used for taxonomic determination of P. viridis, as already described for other species of the genus. Presence of secretory ducts and reduction in stomata density and leaf area represent the main morpho-anatomic adaptations of plants from drier and warmer climates. Histochemical tests were positive for alkaloids, polysaccharides, proteins and phenolic compounds, being negative for starch only in plants subjected to water stress. We concluded that the morpho-anatomical and histochemical alterations found in the plants of this study resulted from seasonal water deficit adaptations and to maintain or attract mutualistic organisms

Anatomy and Histochemistry of Leaf and Stem of Brazilian Endemic Species Mollinedia clavigera Tul

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the anatomy and histochemistry of Mollinedia clavigera leaves and stems through photonic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Noteworthy features of leaves were: presence of paracytic stomata on both surfaces; simple as well as bifurcate non-glandular trichomes; prismatic calcium oxalate crystals; flat-convex midrib with a central and two dorsal bundles; concave-convex petiole with a single vascular bundle in open archh. Stems were cylindrical and showed prismatic and styloid crystals in the pith. Histochemical analysis detected lipophilic and phenolic compounds, starch grains and lignified elements such as brachysclereids and fibers. These features may assist in future identifications and quality control of M. clavigera, avoid misidentification between other genus members, once species and genus studies are scarce.

Chemical and morpho-functional aspects of the interaction between a Neotropical resin bug and a sticky plant

Rubus adenotrichos is an Andean blackberry plant bearing glandular trichomes which secrete an adhesive exudate. The resin bug Heniartes stali is frequently found on this plant and collects this exudate using the forelegs to enhance its preying capacity. Here, we describe the morphology of the plant's glandular trichomes with the aid of light and scanning electron microscopy, as well as the chemical components of the exudate by histochemical and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. We have also combined behavioral observations with the analysis of the insect leg morphology to identify possible morpho-functional adaptations evolved by H. stali for collecting the sticky secretions. Glandular trichomes exhibited a multicellular long stalk and a calyx-shaped head with radially aligned cells. The composition of the resinous fluid was mainly terpenes and phenolics, which may contribute to its sticky properties. Brush-like structures on the tibia of forelegs in H. stali suggests an adaptive trait for collecting the trichomes exudate. A profusely hair-covered area on metatibiae operated as a resin storage structure. Abundant pore-like openings were observed in the cuticle of this area through which substances could be conceivably secreted to prevent resin hardening. These findings combine morphological and chemical features of a fascinating insect-plant interaction in the Neotropics.

Rubus adenotrichos es una planta de mora andina que contiene tricomas glandulares los cuales secretan un exudado pegajoso. El chinche de las resinas Heniartes stali se encuentra con frecuencia en esta planta recogiendo el exudado con sus patas delanteras para mejorar su capacidad en la captura de las presas. En este trabajo empleamos microscopía de luz y microscopía electrónica de barrido para describir la morfología de los tricomas. Los constituyentes químicos del exudado fueron estudiados mediante técnicas histoquímicas, de cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas. También combinamos observaciones del comportamiento del insecto en la recolección y almacenamiento del exudado con el análisis de la morfología de sus patas, empleando microscopía de luz y microscopía electrónica de barrido para identificar las posibles adaptaciones morfo-funcionales desarrolladas para la manipulación de estas secreciones adhesivas. Los tricomas glandulares exhibieron un tallo largo multicelular y una cabeza glandular en forma de cáliz con células alineadas radialmente. El fluido resinoso estaba compuesto principalmente por terpenos y compuestos fenólicos, los cuales parecen contribuir con sus propiedades adhesivas. La presencia de estructuras tipo pincel en las puntas de las tibias de las patas delanteras sugieren un carácter adaptativo para recoger el exudado de los tricomas. También describimos un área en las patas traseras profusamente cubierta de pelos, que funcionaban como estructuras de almacenamiento de la resina. En la cutícula de éstas observamos abundantes aberturas similares a poros y sugerimos que a través de ellos se secretan sustancias que impiden el endurecimiento de la resina almacenada. Estos hallazgos aportan información sobre características morfológicas y químicas de un novedoso modelo de interacción insecto-planta en el neotrópico.

Influence of growth regulators on distribution of trichomes and the production of volatiles in micropropagated plants of Plectranthus ornatus

ABSTRACT The profile of volatile organic compounds, the glandular and non-glandular trichomes of Plectranthus ornatus, obtained by in vitro cultivation, was evaluated in plants grown in Murashide and Skoog medium supplemented with benylaminopurine at 4.5, 9.0, and 18.0 µM + naphthaleneacetic acid at 5.37 µM, kinetin at 4.7, 9.3 and 18.5 µM + naphthaleneacetic acid (5.37 µM) or Murashide and Skoog 0 medium (as a control). Scanning Electron Microscopy was performed on samples of the third leaf node of the 90 days old plants obtained from treatment with 4.5 or 9.0 µM benylaminopurine, and 4.7 or 9.3 µM kinetin. Headspace Solid Phase Micro-Extraction of the 30, 60 and 90 days old in vitro plants permitted to determinate by GC/MS the composition comprised of 62 compounds. The data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis and, the major constituents of these oils after treatment and aging were monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Morphoanatomical analysis of trichomes, by Scanning Electron Microscopy, enabled the identification of non-glandular trichomes and four types of glandular trichomes, which comprised capitate and peltate glandular trichomes that were distributed on both sides of the leaf. We observed that the regulators influenced qualitative and quantitative profiles of the volatile organic compounds and the number and distribution of hairs on the leaf surface.

Molecular mechanism of artemisinin biosynthesis and regulation in Artemisia annua / 中国中药杂志

Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is the best available treatment, particularly for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Artemisinin, whose main source is Artemisia annua, has large demand and shortsupply every year.Artemisininis synthesized,stored, and secreted by the glandular secretory trichomes of A. annua(AaGSTs).In general, the population and morphology of AaGSTs are often positively correlated with artemisinin content.This review article introduces the molecular mechanism of biosynthesis and regulation of artemisininin A. annua. Furthermore, this article will refresh the classification of trichomes in A. annua and provide anoverview of the recent achievements regarding AaGSTs and artemisinin.These will shed light on exploring the method for increasing plant-derived artemisinin.

Essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides L: secretory structures, antibacterial and antioxidant activities / Óleo essencial de Chenopodium ambrosioides L: estruturas secretoras, atividade antibacteriana e antioxidante

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides L. and to determine its secretory structures. The essential oil was extracted through the hydrodistillation technique using a modified Clevenger apparatus (2 hours) and chemically characterized by GC/MS and GC-FID. The antioxidant activity was determined by monitoring the reduction of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and by the oxidation of the ß-carotene/linoleic acid system. The evaluation of antibacterial activity was performed by the agar cavity diffusion technique using the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Cholerasuis. The characterization of trichomes was accomplished by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and histochemical tests with Nadi and Sudan IV reagents. The antioxidant activity demonstrated by the ß-carotene/acid linoleic test, with IC50 = 455.7 µg mL-1. This oil also presented antibacterial activity for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The minimal inhibitory concentration ranged 62.5 to 250 µL mL-1. The presence of terpenes in the glandular trichomes was observed, suggesting that the essential oil is secreted by these structures.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar as atividades antibacteriana e antioxidante do óleo essencial de Chenopodium ambrosioides L. e determinar as suas estruturas secretoras. A extração do óleo essencial foi realizada pelo método de hidrodestilação, utilizando o aparelho de Clevenger modificado com duração de 2 horas, sendo, posteriormente, analisado por CG/EM e CG-DIC. A atividade antioxidante foi determinada monitorando-se a redução do radical livre DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazila) e utilizando o ensaio de oxidação do sistema ß-caroteno/ácido linoleico. A avaliação da atividade antibacteriana foi realizada por meio da técnica difusão cavidade em ágar, utilizando os micro-organismos Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli e Salmonella Cholerasuis. A caracterização dos tricomas foi realizada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e pelos testes histoquímicos com os reagentes de Nadi e Sudan IV. A atividade antioxidante foi evidenciada pelo teste ß-caroteno/ácido linoleico, com CI50 455,7 µg mL-1. O óleo também apresentou atividade antibacteriana tanto para bactérias Gram -negativas como para Gram-positivas. A concentração mínima inibitória do mesmo variou entre 62,5 e 250 µL mL-1. Constatou-se a presença de compostos terpênicos nos tricomas glandulares, inferindo-se que o óleo essencial seja secretado nessas estruturas.

Ovary and fruit morphology and anatomy of Amphilophium crucigerum

Abstract Amphilophium crucigerum (L.) L.G. Lohmann, known as “pente-de-macaco” is a species of Bignoniaceae native to Brazil, and whose seeds are used in folk medicine. This study aimed to describe morphoanatomical features of this species of fruit to aid in its correct identification and pharmacognostic analysis. Samples of ovary, pericarp and seed were fixed with 3% glutaraldehyde, sectioned on a rotary microtome and analyzed by stereomicroscope. The results are shown in three parts: (1) The ovary presents peltate trichomes, long non-glandular trichomes and emergences in the epidermis; it is 2-carpellate and unilocular with two intruding parietal placenta; ovules are numerous on the placenta; it presents a large quantity of crystals. (2) The pericarp is woody, densely echinate and elliptic shape; it presents a 2-valved capsule and is septicidal; it presents emergences, stomata, lenticels, crystals and a large quantity of clustered stones cells. (3) Seeds are alate, exalbuminate and exotestal; there is a large amount of crystals in the exotestal region; it presents an endothelium and remnant endosperm. Histochemical tests showed the presence of lipophilic substances, polysaccharides, phenolic substances, alkaloids and a small quantity of starch. These pharmacobotanical features described for A. crucigerum are essential for the pharmacognostic analysis of the drug plant.

Essential oil and trichome density from Origanum majorana L. shoots affected by leaf age and salinity / Óleo essencial e densidade do tricoma dos rebentos da Origanum majorana L. afetados pela idade da folhagem e pela salinidade

Essential oil (EO) from Origanum majorana L. (Lamiaceae) shoots, extracted by hydrodistillation from plant cultivated under control and salt conditions. Essential oil composition was determined by GCMS. Plant material was harvest at three vegetative stages; early (EVS), late (LVS) and early flowering (P.F.S). Essential oil yield were 0.11% and 0.071 for E.V.S, 0.19% to 0.37% for L.V.S 0.23% and 0.47% for P.F.S, at the control and in the presence of 75 mM NaCl, respectively. Salt stress and development of vegetative stage affected the formation of the major compounds: cis-sabinene hydrate and terpinene-4-ol. Leaves were observed with scanning electron microscope (SEM), to determined trichomes number, size and distribution. Results showed that globular trichome density decrease with leaf maturity but increased with salinity.

O óleo essencial (OE) de Origanum majorana L. (Lamiaceae) foi extraído, através de hidrodestilação, de plantas cultivadas sob condições controladas e salinas. A composição do óleo essencial foi determinada por GC-MS. O material vegetal foi coletado em três estádios vegetativos: precoce (EVS), tardio (L.V.S) e floração precoce (PFS). O rendimento do óleo essencial foi de 0,11% e 0,071% para S.V.S, 0,19% e 0,37% para L.V.S, 0.23% e 0,47% para P.F.S, para o controle e na presença de NaCl 75 mM, respectivamente. O estresse salino e desenvolvimento vegetativo de rendimento afetou a formação dos principais compostos: cis-sabineno hidratado terpineno- 4-ol. As folhas foram observadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV), para determinar o número de tricomas. Os resultados mostraram que a densidade globular do tricoma diminui com a maturidade da folha mas aumenta com a salinidade.

Calicinal trichomes of Adenocalymma magnificum (Bignoniaceae) producing lipophilic substances: ultrastructural and functional aspects / Tricomas calicinales de Adenocalymma magnificum (Bignoniaceae) que producen sustancias lipofílicas: aspectos ultraestructurales y funcionales

Plant structures that secrete lipids and phenolic compounds are often associated with the protection and development of organs against desiccation, in addition to the protection they provide against animals, as the capitate trichomes of Adenocalymma magnificum. Understanding the glandular activities that occur in these trichomes has required the study of their ontogeny, structure, ultrastructure and histochemical aspects; the interpretation of their ecological functions or evolutionary history is complicated by the scarcity of reports on calicinal trichomes that are not nectar-secreting. Samples of floral calyx in anthesis and flower buds at different stages of development were fixed and processed according to the methods for light and electron microscopy. The trichomes are randomly distributed throughout the entire inner surface of the calyx and are also visible on the flower buds. These capitate glandular trichomes were composed of a peduncle, having up to nine cells, and a multicellular secretory head with their cells in columnar format and arranged in disc form. The collar cell, which is under the secretory head, divides anticlinally and arranges itself side by side with the mother cell. As they develop, they bend with some of them becoming adpressed to the calyx. Histochemical tests indicate that the secretory head cells produce lipid substances, acidic lipids and phenolic compounds. In the secretory head, the vacuome is dispersed and the cytoplasm possesses a great number of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and leucoplasts, organelles involved in the production of osmiophilic substances. In some regions of the secretory cells, cuticle detachment was observed; however, the accumulation of secretions was not observed. This study describes, for the first time, the origin, development, and secretion process of the calicinal trichomes of Adenocalymma magnificum, showing that production of lipophilic substances is important for this plant, possibly the trichomes may be involved in the plant’s chemical defense against insects, offering protection against herbivores. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (2): 537-544. Epub 2015 June 01.

Las estructuras que secretan lípidos y compuestos fenólicos estan frecuentemente asociadas a la protección y desarrollo de órganos que protegen contra la desecación, además de la protección que estas proporcionan contra el ataque de animales. Los tricomas capitados de Adenocalymma magnificum son estructuras de este tipo. Para comprender las actividades glandulares que ocurren en estos tricomas es necesario estudiar su ontogenia, estructura, ultraestructura y aspectos histoquímicos. La interpretación de sus funciones ecológicas o historia evolutiva es compleja, y pocos son los estudios que se enfocan en los tricomas calicinales no secretores de néctar. Las muestras del cáliz floral en antesis y botones florales en diferentes estadios de desarrollo fueron fijadas y procesadas de acuerdo con los métodos para microscopia de luz y electrónicos. Los tricomas de A. magnificum están aleatoriamente distribuidos en toda la extensión de la superficie interna del cáliz, también observados en los botones florales. Estos tricomas son glandulares capitados, compuestos de un pedúnculo largo que posee hasta nueve células y una cabeza secretora multicelular, con células en columnares dispuestas en disco. La célula del collar, que esta sobre las células de la cabeza secretora, se divide anticlinalmente organizándose lado a lado con las células madre. Con el crecimiento de los tricomas, estos mismos se curvan y algunos quedan adpresos al cáliz. Las pruebas histoquímicas indicaron que las células de la cabeza secretora producen sustancias lipídicas, lípidos ácidos y compuestos fenólicos. En la cabeza secretora la vacuoma esta dispersa y posee abundante retículo endoplasmático liso y leucoplastos, los cuales son organelos involucrados en el proceso de producción de sustancias osmiofílicas. En algunas regiones de las células secretoras la distensión de la cutícula fue observada, sin embargo, no fue verificada la acumulación de secreción. Este trabajo describe por primera vez el origen, desarrollo y proceso de secreción de tricomas calicinales de A. magnificum, mostrando que la producción de substancias lipofílicas es importante para esta especie, ofreciendo posiblemente protección contra la herbivoría.

Morphological and micromorphological characteristics of Desmodium fruits (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae)

The genus Desmodium is represented in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, by 13 species, all with lomentaceous fruits. Shape, size and isthmus margin of loments vary, while the surface is glabrous, or covered by trichomes of different types. Morphological diversity of trichomes becomes particularly relevant to taxonomic description. The trichome types present on the surface of Desmodium fruits provide data for the identification and classification of species in the State. To assess this, three fruits of each species were collected and deposited at two herbaria, HBR and FLOR, in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Some rehydrated samples were examined using light microscopy (LM); and some sections were exposed to the following histochemical reagents: Sudan III for oils and Thionine for mucilage. The structural aspects of trichomes can be classified into uni- or multicel- lular and may still be simple, i.e., nonglandular or glandular. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), five types of trichomes were identified and analyzed among the Desmodium species studied: uncinate, uniseriate, globose multicellular, globose unicellular and subulate. Characteristics, such as loment margin and article form, glabrescent or pillous indument, trichome type, with or without papillous epidermal cells and epicuticular striations, showed relevant diagnostic value. An identification key was developed for Desmodium species from Santa Catarina State, Brazil, based on macro and micromorphological characters of the fruit.

Características morfológicas y micromorfológicos de frutos Desmodium (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae). El género Desmodium está representado en Santa Catarina, Brasil, por 13 especies, todas con frutos lomentaceos. Los lomentos han tenido variación en forma, tamaño y características del margen del istmo, y la superficie es glabra o cubierta por tricomas de diferentes tipos. La diversidad morfológica de los tricomas se vuelve particularmente relevante para la descripción taxonómica. Los tipos de tri- comas presentes en la superficie de los frutos Desmodium, proporcionan datos para la identificación y clasificación de las especies en el Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Tres frutos de cada especie fueron recogidos y depositados en el Herbario (HBR y FLOR, Santa Catarina, Brasil). Algu- nas muestras fueron rehidratadas y examinadas usando microscopía de luz (LM), las secciones fueron expuestas a los siguientes reactivos histoquímicos: Sudan III para los aceites y Tionina para mucílago. Los aspectos estructurales de los tricomas se pueden clasificar en uni o multicelulares y pueden todavía ser simples, es decir, no glandular o glandular. Por medio del uso de la microscopía elec- trónica de barrido (SEM), cinco tipos de tricomas se han identificado y analizado entre las especies de Desmodium estudiadas: uncinado, uniseriado, globoso multicelular, globoso unicelular y subulado. Características como el margen del lomento y la forma del artículo, indumento glabrescente o piloso, tipo de tricomas con o sin células epidérmicas papilosas, y estrías epicuticulares mostraron valor de diagnóstico relevante. La clave de identificación fue desarrollada para especies de Desmodium del Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, basado en caracteres macro y micromorfológicos del fruto.

Leaf anatomical features of three Theobroma species (Malvaceae s.l. ) native to the Brazilian Amazon / Caracteres anatômicos foliares de três espécies de Theobroma (Malvaceae s.l. ) nativas da Amazônia Brasileira

Theobroma species have economic importance due to their use in the cosmetic and food industries, mainly in the production of chocolate. However, the anatomy of their vegetative structures remains poorly studied. The goal of this study was to describe the anatomical features of Theobroma grandiflorum, T. speciosum and T. subincanum to contribute to the biological knowledge of these species, as well as provide support to the biotechnological studies of native fruit plants of the Amazon. Leaves at different developmental stages were collected and analyzed under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Sessile and stalked stellate trichomes and digitiform glandular trichomes were observed in the expanded leaves of T. grandiflorum and T. subincanum. These species were also similar in the morphology of the midrib, the organization of the mesophyll and the presence of starch grains in the midrib pith cells. Claviform glandular trichomes and mucilage cells in the epidermis occurred only in the expanded leaves of T. speciosum. The presence of mucilage secretory trichomes in shoot apices (colleters) of all species is a new finding for the genus Theobroma.

As espécies de Theobroma têm importância econômica devido a sua utilização nas indústrias cosmética e alimentícia, principalmente na produção de chocolate. Entretanto, a anatomia de suas estruturas vegetativas permanece pouco conhecida. O presente estudo teve por objetivo descrever as características anatômicas de Theobroma grandiflorum, T. speciosum e T. subincanum, como contribuição ao conhecimento biológico dessas espécies, bem como, fornecer subsídios aos estudos biotecnológicos de fruteiras nativas da Amazônia. Folhas em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento foram coletadas e analisadas sob microscopia de luz e eletrônica de varredura. Nas folhas expandidas de T. grandiflorum e T. subincanum foram observados tricomas dos tipos estrelado séssil, pedunculado e glandular digitiforme. Estas espécies também foram similares quanto à morfologia da nervura central, à organização do mesofilo e à presença de grãos de amido no parênquima medular da nervura central. Tricomas glandulares claviformes e células mucilaginosas na epiderme do limbo foliar ocorreram somente em T. speciosum. A presença de tricomas secretores de mucilagem nos ápices vegetativos (coléteres) de todas as espécies estudadas é um novo registro para o gênero Theobroma.

Ontogênese foliar em Lavoisiera mucorifera Mart. & Schrank ex DC. (Melastomataceae) / Leaf ontogenesis in Lavoisiera mucorifera Mart. & Schrank ex DC. (Melastomataceae)

A ontogênese foliar associada a análises histométricas podem fornecer respostas conclusivas sobre a obtenção da forma da folha, assim como detalhes estruturais que podem ser usados como subsídio taxonômico para Melastomataceae. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a ontogenia foliar de Lavoisiera mucorifera, elucidando os processos de origem e desenvolvimento dos tecidos e formato das folhas. Folhas de diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento foram coletadas e processadas conforme técnicas usuais em anatomia vegetal. No primeiro nó nota-se a origem da lâmina a partir dos meristemas marginais e submarginais, bem como diferenças nos processos de divisão e expansão celular nas regiões mediana e apical, que proporcionam o formato lanceolado da folha. A partir do segundo nó observa-se que o sistema fundamental origina-se a partir das camadas adaxial, mediana e abaxial do mesofilo. Nos terceiro e quarto nós observa-se principalmente a formação de nervuras de terceira e quarta ordens. A partir do quinto nó, os tecidos estão completamente diferenciados sendo observados os caracteres: folhas isolaterais, cutícula espessa, epiderme unisseriada, estômatos anomocíticos, além de drusas e células esclerênquimáticas no mesofilo. Nossos resultados complementam os poucos estudos anatômicos na família, especialmente ao descrever a morfologia e desenvolvimento das emergências e tricomas.

The leaf ontogenesis associated to histometric analyzes can provide conclusive answers about the leaf shape formation, as well structural details that could be used as taxonomic subsidy in Melastomataceae. Our purpose was to describe the leaf ontogenesis of Lavoisiera mucorifera, and the processes cell elongation in leaf shape formation. Leaves of different developmental stages were collected and processed according to usual techniques in plant anatomy. At first nodethe origin of the leaf lamina from the sub-marginal and marginal meristems as well as differences in the processes of cell division and expansion in the middle and apical providing the format lanceolate leaf shape. At second node is observed that the ground system develops from adaxial, abaxial and median layers. At third and fourth nodes is observed mainly the vein ramification. From the fifth node the tissues are completely differentiated being observed characters like isobilateral leaves, thick cuticle, uniseriate epidermis, anomocytic stomata and druse e sclerenchymatic cells in the mesophyll. Our results also complement the few anatomical studies the family to describe the morphology and development of trichomes and emergences.

Resistência à herbivoria contra Cerotoma arcuatus Olivier, 1791 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) em genótipos de soja / Resistance against herbivory Cerotoma arcuatus Olivier, 1791 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in soybean genotypes

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar níveis de herbivoria de Cerotoma arcuatus Olivier, 1791 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) em genótipos de soja, comparando propriedades morfológicas como; densidade de tricomas (DT), espessura foliar (EF), número de C. arcuatus (NC) e área danificada (AD). O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal do Tocantins campo experimental de Gurupi-TO ano 2008/09, o delineamento experimental com 18 genótipos de soja EMGOPA-314, P98R91, P98Y51, MSOY-9988, P99R01, M8867RR, M9056RR, M8360RR, M8527RR, FTS-EsperançaRR, FTS-4188, C-M-015, CM-017, CM-136, CM-149, CM-102, A-7002 e MSOY-9350, semeadas em três épocas de plantio dia 03/12/08; 18/12/08; 02/01/09, cada parcela composta de três repetições, Sendo os genótipos de soja utilizados A parcela experimental foi composta por quatro linhas de 5,0 m de comprimento, com espaçamento entre linha de 0,45 m e 12 plantas m-1 linear. Foram analisados a herbivoria da C. arcuatus, quantificação da área foliar danificada (AD) em porcentagem foi utilizada um programa de imagem para quantificar as áreas danificadas pela C arcuatus. Na densidade de tricomas foi avaliada utilizando um microscópio estereoscópico e visualizados discos de 0,5 cm. A espessura foliar foi avaliada a massa seca pela área do disco. Numero de C arcuatus foi realizado utilizando um saco plástico 100x100 avaliando três batidas por parcela. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5 % de probabilidade. A matriz dos genótipos versus variáveis mais a produtividade de grãos (PD) foi submetida à correlação, análise multivariada por agrupamento hierárquico e análise de componentes principais (PCA). Neste trabalho demonstrou que a densidade de tricoma foi um dos parâmetros essenciais na diminuição da herbivoria e influenciou na produtividade de grãos.

The objective of this study was to evaluate levels of herbivory Cerotoma arcuatus Olivier, 1791 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in soybean genotypes, comparing morphological properties such as; trichome density (TD), leaf thickness (EF), number of C.arcuatus (NC) and the damaged area (AD). The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Tocantins experimental field Gurupi-TO 2008/09, the experimental design with 18 soybean genotypes EMGOPA-314, P98R91, P98Y51, MSOY-9988, P99R01, M8867RR, M9056RR, M8360RR, M8527RR, EsperançaRRFTS, FTS-4188, CM-015, CM-017, CM-136, CM-149, CM-102, A-7002- and MSOY 9350 on three sowing dates day 03/12/08; 18 / 12/08, 02/01/09, each plot consisted of three replicates Being soybean genotypes used the experimental plot consisted of four rows 5.0 m long with row spacing of 0.45 m 12 m-1 linear plants. Were analyzed herbivory of C. arcuatus, quantification of leaf area damaged (AD) in percentage was used a program image to quantify the areas damaged by C arcuatus. In trichome density was assessed using a stereoscopic microscope and viewed discs of 0.5 cm. The leaf thickness was measured dry mass by the area of the disc. Number of C arcuatus was performed using a plastic bag 100x100 evaluating three beats per plot. The data were submitted to ANOVA and means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The array of genotypes versus more variable grain yield (PD) was subjected to correlation, multivariate hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis (PCA). This work demonstrated that the density of trichomes was one of the key parameters in reducing herbivory and influence on grain yield in soybean genotypes.

A pharmacobotanical study of two medicinal species of Fabaceae

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To carry out a pharmacobotanical study of Lonchocarpus cyanescens (Schum & Thonn) Benth (L. cyanescens) and Leptoderris micrantha Dunn (L. micrantha) which are two key medicinal plants from the family Fabaceae.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The epidermal peel was obtained by soaking the leaf in concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) in a petri dish. Both surfaces were carefully mounted on clean glass slides and dehydrated by ethyl alcohol, and stained with safaranin O for 2 min. Transverse sections of plant leaf were obtained by free hand sectioning. Phytochemical screening for various constituents was carried out on the powdered leaves. Other parameters such as, moisture content, ash value, acid insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, water and alcohol extractive values were obtained by standard techniques.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE SPECIES INCLUDE: the presence of stomata on both surfaces of L. cyanescens and the absence in L. micrantha. Presence of larger epidermal cells in both upper and lower surfaces of L. cyanescens [(35.25±1.64)×(31.25±2.36), (43.0±2.63)×(39.5±5.11)] respectively compared to L. micrantha. Glandular multicellular trichomes are present in L. micrantha but absent in L. cyanescens. Numerous trichomes surround the transverse section of the leaf of L. micrantha but absent in L. cyanescens. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that both species contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, steroids and flavonoids.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The microscopic and phytochemical data provided in this study are useful for the standardization of the medicinal plants.</p>

Anatomy of vegetative organs of Scutellaria agrestis, a medicinal plant cultivated by riverine populations of the Brazilian Amazon

Scutellaria agrestis A. St. -Hil. ex Benth. , Lamiaceae (trevo-roxo) is cultivated for medicinal purposes by residents of the riverine communities in the State of Amazonas, Brazil. This study aimed to characterize the anatomy and to make histochemical analysis on vegetative organs of S. agrestis. Samples of the leaf, stem and root were collected from five plants cultivated by the communities located in the Solimões river, Amazon. These samples were fixed and prepared following standard techniques for scanning electron microscopy and for light microscopy. Histochemical tests were carried out on sections to detect the main classes of compounds present in the secretion. Numerous glandular trichomes are seen in both leaf and stem of S. agrestis. The leaves are amphi-hypostomatics and show dorsiventral mesophyll. Hydathodes are present at the tip of the marginal teeth. Anthocyanin pigments occur into the epidermal cells of the stem, petiole, and abaxial leaf surface. The petiole is concave-convex shaped and bears collateral vascular bundles. The stem showed square-shaped, evident endoderm, collateral vascular bundles and parenchymatous pith. The root displays a typical protostelic structure. Idioblasts containing mucilage and phenolic compounds occur in the cortex. These data are important, as they can be useful to identify this species, contributing to the quality control of the medicinal plant.

Biological aspects of Aphis gossypii Glõver, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on colored lint cotton cultivars / Aspectos biológicos de Aphis gossypii Glõver, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) em cultivares de algodoeiro com fibra colorida

This paper outlines the results of a study into the biological aspects of Aphis gossypii Glõver on colored cotton cultivars through the construction of life tables. In addition, we evaluate the influence of density of gossypol glands and trichomes of leaves on the biology of the aphid. Tests were conducted in a climate chamber at 25 ± 2C, with relative humidity (RH) at 70 ± 10%, and a photophase of 12 hours, using the cultivars BRS Rubi, BRS Safira, and BRS Verde. Newly hatched nymphs were individually isolated in petri dishes containing leaf discs of cotton cultivars on a layer of water-agar (1%) of approximately 5 mm thick. An evaluation of the trichomes and gossypol gland densities of the cotton leaf plants was performed under a stereomicroscope, delimited to an area of 1 cm², and a count and identification of those on the surface was made. The feed substrates that were evaluated influenced the nymphal stage of A. gossypii. BRS Verde provided the shortest duration and BRS Safira was the longest during this phase. The cultivar BRS Verde, with the lowest density of trichomes, provided a large number of nymphs and led to a higher net reproductive rate (R0). Given these results, conclusions can be drawn that the colored cotton cultivars influence the duration of nymphal and adult stages of A. gossypii. The cultivar with a high density of trichomes on leaves (BRS Safira) adverse [...]

Este trabalho teve por objetivos estudar aspectos biológicos de Aphis gossypii em cultivares de algodoeiro de fibra colorida, construir tabelas de vida e avaliar a influência da densidade de tricomas e glândulas de gossipol das folhas das plantas na biologia do pulgão. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em câmara climatizada regulada a 25 ± 2C, UR de 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 12 horas, utilizando-se as seguintes cultivares: BRS Rubi, BRS Safira e BRS Verde. Ninfas recém-nascidas foram isoladas individualmente em placas de Petri contendo discos foliares de algodoeiro das cultivares sobre uma lâmina de ágar-água (1%) de aproximadamente 5 mm. A avaliação da densidade de tricomas e de glândulas de gossipol das folhas das plantas foi realizada sob microscópio estereoscópico, delimitando-se uma área de 1 cm² e, em seguida, realizando-se a contagem e identificação dos mesmos nessa superfície. Os substratos alimentares avaliados influenciaram a fase ninfal de A. gossypii, sendo que a BRS Verde proporcionou menor tempo de duração e a BRS Safira, o maior período desta fase. A cultivar BRS Verde com a menor densidade de tricomas proporcionou elevada produção de ninfas e a maior taxa líquida de reprodução (R0). Diante dos resultados, conclui-se que as cultivares de algodoeiro colorido influenciam o tempo de duração da fase ninfal e adulta do pulgão A. gossypii. A cultivar com elevada densidade [...]

Influência de citocininas na micropropagação de Mentha x gracilis Sole / Cytokinin influence on Mentha x gracilis Sole micropropagation

Mentha x gracilis Sole é um híbrido que produz óleos essenciais ricos em monoterpenos. Tendo em vista a propagação clonal desta planta, segmentos nodais provenientes de plantas assépticas, foram cultivados em meio de Murashige e Skoog (MS) suplementado com 0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 µM de cinetina, benzilaminopurina (BAP) ou thidiazuron (TDZ). Após 30 dias, as plantas foram transferidas para meio MS não suplementado com citocinina. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos em meio suplementado com 2 µM de TDZ, mostrando ser método viável para a produção rápida de grande número de mudas. Após a transferência das plantas para a casa de vegetação, as plantas propagadas com TDZ apresentam maior número de tricomas glandulares.

Mentha x gracilis Sole is a hybrid that produces essential oils rich in monoterpenes. Aimed at the clonal propagation of this plant, nodal segments from aseptic plants were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MSO) medium supplemented with 0; 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0 µM kinetin, benzyl adenine (BAP) or thidiazuron (TDZ). After 30 days, plants were transferred to MOS medium without cytokinin supplementation. The best results were obtained in medium supplemented with 2 µM TDZ, which proved to be a viable method for the rapid production of a large number of seedlings. After transference to the greenhouse, plants propagated with TDZ had a larger number of glandular trichomes.

Análise de crescimento e anatomia foliar da planta medicinal Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) cultivada em diferentes substratos / Growth analysis and leaf anatomy of the medicinal plant Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) grown on different substrates

Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) é uma espécie herbácea que ocorre em áreas de cerrado e, por se tratar de planta medicinal, é cultivada em escala familiar. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar possíveis alterações no desenvolvimento das plantas quando cultivadas em solos com texturas diferentes (solo de cerrado, franco arenoso ou solo de terra roxa, muito argiloso). Foram analisados aos 40, 70 e 90 dias, o comprimento do caule e da raiz, massa seca da parte aérea (caule e folhas) e das raízes, número de folhas e área foliar; além de parâmetros anatômicos foliares, como a densidade de tricomas. Os resultados mostraram que os comprimentos do caule e da raiz aumentaram no decorrer do experimento, independentemente do substrato (com exceção do comprimento da raiz de plantas cultivadas em solo de terra roxa). Porém, o comprimento do caule foi sempre maior nas plantas cultivadas em solo de cerrado, enquanto o comprimento da raiz foi significativamente maior somente aos 90 dias de cultivo neste solo. As biomassas secas da raiz e do caule também foram maiores nas plantas cultivadas em solo de cerrado por 70 e 90 dias, respectivamente. A massa seca foliar foi maior nas plantas cultivadas em solo de cerrado a partir dos 70 dias de experimento. Esse aumento foi devido ao maior número de folhas produzidas e a maior área foliar dessas plantas. No geral, a anatomia foliar não diferiu, porém o número de tricomas glandulares foi maior nas plantas cultivadas em solo de cerrado. Os resultados indicaram que esta espécie tem melhor desenvolvimento quando cultivada em solo mais arenoso.

Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) is a herbaceous species found in cerrado areas and grown in family scale since it is a medicinal plant. The aim of this work was to study possible alterations in the plant development when grown in soils presenting different textures (a sandy-loam cerrado soil, or a very clayish red earth soil). At 40, 70 and 90 days, stem and root length, shoot (stem and leaves) and root dry matter, number of leaves and leaf area were evaluated, in addition to leaf anatomical parameters, such as trichome density. Stem and root length increased over the experiment under any substrate (except root length of plants grown on red earth soil). However, stem length was always higher in plants grown on cerrado soil, whereas root length was significantly higher only at 90 days of cultivation on this same soil. Root and stem dry biomass were also higher in plants grown on cerrado soil at 70 and 90 days, respectively. Leaf dry matter was higher in plants grown on cerrado soil from 70 days of experiment. This increase was due to the larger number of produced leaves and the higher leaf area of those plants. In general, leaf anatomy does not differ; however, the number of glandular trichomes was larger in plants grown on cerrado soil. Such results indicated that this species had a better development when grown on sandier soils.

The foliar trichomes of Hypoestes aristata (Vahl) Sol. ex Roem. & Schult var aristata (Acanthaceae) a widespread medicinal plant species in tropical sub-Saharan Africa: with comments on its possible phylogenetic significance

The micromorphology of foliar trichomes of Hypoestes aristata var. aristata was studied using stereo, light and scanning microscopy (SEM). This genus belongs to the advanced angiosperm family Acanthaceae, for which few micromorphological leaf studies exist. Results revealed both glandular and non-glandular trichomes, the latter being more abundant on leaf veins, particularly on the abaxial surface of very young leaves. With leaf maturity, the density of non-glandular trichomes decreased. Glandular trichomes were rare and of two types: long-stalked capitate and globose-like peltate trichomes. Capitate trichomes were observed only on the abaxial leaf surface, while peltate trichomes were distributed on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces.